Close to a necklace with a vulture pectoral in
the wrappings of Tutankhamun's
mummy lay this
elaborate necklace. Its rectangular gold pectoral is
decorated with three upright scarabs inlaid with
lapis lazuli, their front legs attached to the top
of the frame, which is shaped like the hieroglyphic
sign for "heaven" (pet). Engraved on its
outer face is a row of stars. The sides of the frame
are formed of two was scepters and the base
consists of a bar ornamented on the outer surface
with twelve marguerites, with dark blue glass petals
and gold centers. Suspended from the bottom of the
bar like a fringe are four white
lotus flowers,
three large buds, and three (originally six) small
buds. The lotus flowers and the large buds are
inlaid with carnelian, feldspar, and dark blue glass
and the smaller buds with carnelian only. Above each
scarab is a metal disk, the two outer disks of gold
alloyed with copper representing the sun (Ra) and
the center disk with a crescent of gold alloyed with
silver representing the moon. Beneath each scarab (kheper)
is the basket-shaped
hieroglyphic sing for "lord" (neb),
inlaid with feldspar. The gold undersides of the
scarabs are finely modeled and the backs of the
neb signs delicately chased. Contiguous circles
of dark blue glass with gold centers take the place
of the marguerites on the back of the base of the
frame.
Egyptian jewelers often modified regular
symbols or motifs for reasons that are not always
apparent, though space and artistic effect were
generally governing factors. In this pendant each
scarab group was probably intended to suggest the
name that Tutankhamun adopted when he succeeded to
the throne, Nebkheperura, but the three vertical
strokes that should stand between the beetle and the
basket are missing. Also, in the middle group, the
sun's disk is replaced by the lunar disk and
crescent. In hieroglyphic writing it is possible to
indicate a plural by repeating the sign three times,
instead of adding the three vertical strokes to the
single sign; the three scarabs may, by allowing for
artistic freedom, be explained as performing that
function. The word kheperu itself means the
different "forms" that a god or a dead person could
assume, and it is possible that the emphasis given
by the threefold repetition was intended to assist,
by magic, in the realization of those metamorphoses.
The substitution of the lunar disk and crescent for
the sun's disk is a sportive variant, which is
exemplified again in the winged scarab pectoral.
Five strings of gold beads, together with a few
beads of blue glass, make up the straps -now shorter
in length than they were originally - on which the
pectoral was suspended from the king's neck. A gold
counterpoise inlaid with glass is joined to the
upper ends of the straps by spacer fastenings on
which winged cobras are engraved. In the center of
the counterpoise is a figure of the god of "Millions
of Years,"
Heh, squatting on a mat and holding with
raised arms a cartouche bearing the inscription "The
good god Nebkheperura chosen of Amen-Ra." He is
supported on one side by the amuletic signs for
stability (djed) and dominion (was)
and on the other side by the royal cobra with the
white crown of Upper Egypt to which the curved
frontal projection of the red crown of Lower Egypt
has been added.